History+of+Education

provide an elementary school, where teachers were required to teach, not only reading and writing, but the bible as well. Towns that held 100 or more families were required to have grammer schools. This was a school where students focused mostly on latin and greek. The puritans believed that if their children read and studied the bible enough, then they would be able to resist evil temptations, and avoid sinners. This act was a way for the local community to ensure that education was passed from one generation to the next. Puritans, also, wanted to avoid having a generation of poor and unintelligent people, and in order to keep that from happening, they made sure that every citizen got enough education to read so that they could understand the laws and read the bible. Life in the 1600's was based on religion and their laws came from the bible || || 1. Health A secondary school should encourage good health habits, give health instruction, and provide physical activities. 2. Command Of Fundamental Processes Fundamental Processes are writing, reading, oral and written expression, and math. It was decided that these basics should be applied to newer material instead of using the older ways of doing things. 3. Worthy Home Membership This principle "calls for the development of those qualities that make the individual a worthy member of a family, both contributing to and deriving benefit from that membership" (Raubinger, Rowe, Piper, West, 108). 4. Vocation The objective of this principle is that the student gets to know him or herself and a variety of careers so that the student can choose the most suitable career. 5. Civic Education The goal of civic education is to develop an awareness and concern for one's own community. 6. Worthy Use Of Leisure The idea behind this principle is that education should give the student the skills to enrich his/her body, mind, spirit and personality in his/her leisure. 7. Ethical Character This principle involves instilling in the student the notion of personal responsibility and initiative. || || A **normal school** was a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose was to establish teaching standards or //norms//, hence its name. Most such schools are now called **teachers' colleges**; however, in some places, the term //normal school// is still used. || ||
 * || Definition ||  ||
 * Breit, Darin R. || Boston English Classical School- The first public high school in the United States that opened in Boston in 1821. The corses closesly parallelled the practicual curriculum of most academics. The idea of public high schools did not catch on quickly, however, in 1860, there were only 40 public high schools in the entire country, but by th1900 they outnumbered the academies. || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Bostonenglish.JPG/200px-Bostonenglish.JPG width="180" height="219" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bostonenglish.JPG"]] ||
 * Busser, Jacob L. || Goals 2000-Educate America Act-Signed into law in 1994 by President Bill Clinton. This legislation called for massive efforts to improve the quality of the nation's schools. It provided for the establishment of a National Education Standards and Improvement Council, A group charged with overseeing the development of national content standards. || [[image:Clinton.jpg width="149" height="190"]] ||
 * Gartamaker, Kimberly K || life-adjustment education -In some of its more extreme forms, life-adjustment education education seemed to encourage learners to do whatever they pleased. Systematic attention attention to intellectual rigor or subject matter was avoided. || [[image:http://groups.cgps.org/drupal/images/oldsite/GrammarSchool_Movement.JPG]] ||
 * Grassel, Tyler J. || Massachusetts School Law of 1642- The Massachusetts School Law of 1642 stated that it would be required by the parents and master to see fit that the children knew the principles of religion and capital laws of commonwealth. This law had nothing to do with school actually and the parents were in charge of teaching their children about basic education and literacy. The children and servants should be able to show that they are competent in reading and writing which was outlined by the governing officials. || [[image:Mass_1642.png width="287" height="199"]] ||
 * Hanisch, Alicia T. || Boston Latin Grammar School - A private secondary school that opened in 1635 for the purpose of preparing boys for Harvard. || [[image:Harvard.jpg width="107" height="107"]] ||
 * Helling, Jason T. || Old Deluder Satan Act of 1647 - The Old Deluder Satan Act was passed in Massachusetts of 1647. It was one of America's first education acts, and it required that all towns of 50 or more families to
 * Hudelson, Devin T. || Dame Schools- An organization that assumed responsibility for the education of the young. These schools were operated by a local woman, often a widow, who cared for children as young as two and taught them basic literacy. The curriculum was basic and stressed the alphabet, some simple spelling, and some religious training. The boys might be taught some simple arithmetic and the girls learned how to knit and sew. || [[image:dame.jpg width="256" height="198"]] ||
 * Kerkvliet, Chalsea A. || The National Defense Education Act - Legislation provided federal funds to improve the quality of education. || [[image:http://www.amscied.net/Policy_Documents/NDEA_%281958%29_files/NDEA.jpg width="255" height="166"]] ||
 * McClanahan, Clarissa J. || Franklin Academy - an institution that was nonsectarian and offered such practical subjects as mathematics, astronomy, navigation, and bookkeeping. By the end of the Revolutionary War, the Franklin Academy had replaced the Boston Latin Grammer School as the most important secondary school in America. The students were able to makes some choices about their courses of study. It was a private school though and the tuition was beyond the means of most families. || [[image:franklin_academy1.jpg width="252" height="157"]] ||
 * Olesen, Heather M. || The Progressive Education Movement-Taking a more practical emphasis in the curriculum suggested that more and more people come to se education as a necessity for all young people. Compulsory-Attendance laws took place during this movement. Supporters of the Progressive Education Movement drew inspiration from John Dewey's work. Counseling programs were developed during this time. Which only emphasized the importance of the individual's importance and development. || [[image:progressive_education.jpg width="150" height="150"]] ||
 * Ollerich, Julie E. || **Private Academies-** Private secondary schools, first established in the 18th century, that were the primary form of secondary education in the years before a legal basis was established for public support of secondary schools. The private academies popularized the idea that secondary education had something important to offer, and they laid the foundation for public support of secondary schools. The academies helped establish the following important precedents for American education: American education would have a strong orientation towards the practical rather than the purely intellectual or theorectical, American education would be nonsectarian, and American education would feature diverse course offerings. || [[image:chpt_8.jpg]] ||
 * O'Neill, Amanda M. || The Cardinal Principles-
 * Poncelet, Susan M. || The Common School ||  ||
 * Rensch, Cera || The Kalamazoo Case- An 1874 legal decision that established the principle that a state had the right to pass laws levying taxes to pay for secondary and elementary education. Secondary school enrollments increased because of this causing school districts to have to build many more high schools || [[image:detroitredeemerhighschool_c_0.jpg width="215" height="162"]] ||
 * Rosberg, Brittany D. || The Comprehensive High School- schooling that promoted learning in all 7 areas laid out in the Cardinal Principles which were: health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocational preparation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure time, and ethical character. || [[image:jjjjj.jpg]] ||
 * || Sputnik- In the fall of 1957, the former Soviet Union's launching of the first earth satellite, Sputnik, so changed the public's perception of education's role that many subsequent alternations in school curricula can be traced back to this single, influential event. This satellite shocked the nation by challenging America's presumed technological supremacy. Blame was put on the public education by people who were looking for explanations as to why the Soviet Union was the first to have such an accomplishment. Instruction in the sciences was seen as a particularly weak area of the curriculum. || [[image:sputnik-1.jpg width="174" height="144"]] ||
 * Thompson, Colleen A. || **The Junior School**- This educational institution was created to ease the transitional difficulty that elementary school students were having moving in to high schools. Towards the end of the 19th century, educators were seeing these young learners having difficulty doing the required work, with the problem becoming more obvious as the number of high school students increased. This school was created to help prepare the student for high school. It was replaced in the late 20th century with middle schools, which still served children of the same age range but with different scholastic intent. || [[image:http://www.paduryea.com/1930to1939/PA%20Duryea%201930s%20Junior%20High%20School%20%20Class.jpg width="240" height="163"]] ||
 * Thompson, Patrice R || Plessy v. Ferguson- in 1896 this case upheld the separate but equal doctrine that continued segregated schools as the dominant pattern of education until the famous Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. || [[image:plessy2.jpg width="127" height="130"]] ||
 * Trapp, Jeffrey L. || The Normal School -
 * Vander Brink, Alisha J || Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka.was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the //[|Plessy v. Ferguson]// decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Waren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, [|de jure] [|racial segregation] was ruled a violation of the [|Equal Protection Clause] of the14th amendment of the [|United States Constitution]. This ruling paved the way for [|integration] and the [|civil rights movement] || [[image:brown.jpg width="310" height="177"]] ||
 * Willson, Todd R. || “Old Deluder Satan Act” of 1647: This act established the first school system in America. This school system believed in the Bible to be taught in the school. It was developed by the Puritans to fight off evil and Satan's temptation for school children. All townships that had more than 50 households to teach students to teach and read. || [[image:images.jpg width="126" height="160"]] ||
 * Wilson, Alisha N. || intelligence quotient- To understand what IQ means, one must understand what intelligence is: intelligence is reflected in a variety of behaviors which demonstrate a cognitive capacity for thinking and reasoning, as well as learning and adapting - an IQ score measures a persons capacity to perform intellectual tasks like solving mathematical and verbal tasks. Below 70 is considered definite feeble-mindedness, 70-80 is borderline deficiency, 80-90 is dullness, 90-110 is normal or average intelligence, 110-120 is considered superior intelligence, 120-140 is very superior intelligence and 140 and above is considered genius or near genius. || [[image:IQ.gif width="200" height="128"]] ||
 * Dr. Fiegen || Booker T. Washington - Booker Washington was an American political leader, educator, orator and author. Representing the last generation of black leaders born in slavery, Washington was able throughout the final 25 years of his life to maintain his standing as the black leader because of the sponsorship of powerful whites, substantial support within the black community, **his ability to raise educational funds** from both groups and his skillful accommodation to the social realities of the age of segregation. Was a big part of getting all freed black children to enter public schools. || [[image:bh4_Booker_T_Washington.jpg width="143" height="180"]] ||